Management of Diversity in Organization - 2147 Words

Management of Diversity in Organization Abstract Organizations have been becoming increasingly diverse in terms of gender, race, ethnicity, and nationality. This diversity brings substantial potential benefits such as better decision making, greater creativity and innovation, and more successful marketing to different types of customers. But, increasing cultural differences within a workforce also bring potential costs in higher turnovers, interpersonal conflicts, and communicational breakdowns. The utilities of diversity training and the essential managerial skills required for effectively managing diversity will also be discussed. Diversity Management vs. Organizational Performance Diversity of skills among individual members will†¦show more content†¦Research tends to support this relationship. Kanters study of innovation in organizations revealed that the most innovative companies deliberately establish heterogeneous teams to create a marketplace of ideas, recognizing that a multiplicity of points of view needs to be brought to bear on a problem. Kanter also specifically noted that companies high on innovation had done a better job than most on eradicating racism, sexism, and classism, in addition, tended to employ more women and racioethnic minorities than less innovative companies. Research by Charlene J. Nemeth found that minority views can stimulate consideration of non-obvious alternatives in task groups. Nemeth found that the minority groups adopted multiple strategies and identified more solutions than the majority groups. She concluded that the groups exposed to minority views were more creative than the more homogeneous, majority groups. She further concluded that persistent exposure to minority viewpoints stimulates creative thought processes. Another experiment compared the creativity of teams that were homogeneous on a series of attitude measures against teams with heterogeneous attitudes. Problem solution creativity was judged on originality and practicality. Results indicated that as long as the team members had similar ability levels, the heterogeneous teams were more creative than the homogeneous ones. IfShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Effective Diversity Management On An Organization Essay2777 Words   |  12 Pageseffective diversity management i n an organization. This report also includes the benefits and future planning and development on how to enhance the process so that companies can enjoy further advantages regarding diversity management. First, the introduction contains in-depth research of diversity management† along with â€Å"cultural diversity management and then screened to evaluate in line with a multinational company â€Å"Apple†. Then the literature review concerning effective management. The end partRead MoreDiversity Within The Organization : Workforce Diversity Management Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe term â€Å"diversity† usually refers to individual characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, culture, age but as time has advanced, it is now also known to defer between those of sexual orientation and physical or mental abilities. Through time, not only the notion of diversity has become more broad but it has also been more focused on. Due to its ability to provide benefits such a s improved morale, contrasting perceptions and strategies, enhanced teamwork and mutual understanding within the organisationRead MoreDiversity Management in South African Organizations700 Words   |  3 Pagesd) Diversity management is described as the voluntary organisational actions that are designed to create greater inclusion of employees from various backgrounds into the formal and informal organizational structures through deliberate policies and programs (Barak, 2014). These various backgrounds include race, religion, ethnicity, gender and disabilities. Diversity helps an organisation because it broadens the skillset available to the organisation because of peoples varying backgrounds, and itRead MoreDiversity Management Focuses On The Heterogeneity Inside The Organizations1315 Words   |  6 PagesDiversity management focuses on the heterogeneity inside the organizations. Diversity management was a response to the common situation when companies started to hire employees of various age, nationality, race, religion etc. It is based on the principle that the differences between people do not have to prevent them from working together. This is directly connected with the concept of ethical behavior. Generally ethics is defined as a moral code which is accepted in a concrete society, thoughRead MoreSexual Orientation Diversity Management At Small And Large Organizations1235 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity â€Æ' A Case for Sexual Orientation Diversity Management in Small and Large Organizations I. Introduction A. â€Å"Approximately 9 million Americans identify themselves as being lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT). With alternate sexual orientation. Managers and employees are becoming more tolerant and there is a growing respect for individuals with non-traditional sexual orientation† (Mathis, Jackson, Valentine, 2014, p. 3-4d). B. Organizations must build strong, creative, talent basedRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour the Pros and Cons.1634 Words   |  7 PagesElements of successful organizational diversity Management. Why is organizational diversity important? Historically, diversity in the workplace has been recognized as an employment equity issue. Now, however, diversity in the workplace is being recognized as a benefit that will contribute to an organizations bottom line. Increased employee and customer satisfaction end up as increased productivity, all of which are measurable outcomes (Goff, 1998). Diversity goes beyond employment equity toRead MoreHuman Resources Strategic Planning And Measurement Task Force1414 Words   |  6 Pagesis often called upon to be the hub of an organization in addition to the glue that holds the organization together in collaboration with the leadership team. In many (Gutmacher, 1998, para. 3) organizations Human Resources is the department to lead the way in ensuring an organization is committed to creating diversity within the work place. This includes in hiring, recruitment, promotions, board selection etc. The staffs that are apart of any organization come in many different shapes, sizes andRead MoreDiversity Management and Cultural Intelligence1260 Words   |  6 PagesCARROLL 1 Shavasia K. Carroll Current Issues in OB Final Diversity Management and Cultural Intelligence Diversity Management and cultural intelligence is the crucial keys in today’s workforce to successfully compete in a global marketplace. Corporations can no longer use lack of cultural intelligence as an excuse. Organizations pursuing global success must embrace diversity in their thoughts, actions, and innovations. Diversity doesn’t just focus on making the numbers, but how the organization’sRead MoreEffective Diversity Management Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagesof work population. Managing diversity is over merely acknowledging variations in individuals. It involves recognizing the worth of differences, promoting inclusiveness and combating or uprooting discrimination. Managers may be challenged with losses in personnel and work productivity because of prejudice and discrimination and complaints and legal actions against the organization (Devoe, 1999). Negative attitudes and behaviors may be barriers to organizational diversity as a result of they will damageRead MoreDiversity For Success Of The Company1036 Words   |  5 Pagesin the workplace. The author reveals that management has to ensure it successfully handles diversity in the workforce. The author argues that in the current workforce, which is diverse, the challenge is exclusion. The book has compiled extensive current information on social policy trends, legislative and demographic, as well as the analysis of causes and effects of workforce exclusion, and reveals that learning about how to manage the issue of diversity is critical. Therefore, based on the extensive

Analysis Of Chronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel...

What could have been more valued than honor during 1900’s culture in Colombia? During this time period honor, especially in the form of a woman s value based on sexuality, was a prevailing influence of one s importance in society. Although, today one may say this perception of status has vanished and been interchanged by wealth, it is still an essential concept that differentiates one s superior qualities and character in society. This notion of honor is greatly portrayed in the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold, by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, when Angelica’s brothers kill Santiago Nasar for taking her value as a woman. However, the nature of mystery in the novel also leaves many questions about Santiago s actual guilt in taking Angelica†¦show more content†¦This quote from the text suggests the reader that Angelica did not have any connection with Santiago, instead it suggests that she vaguely chose any name to satisfy her family desire to recoup her honor. This is because Angelica’s thought process of looking for the name in the shadows and finding it at first sight has the connotation that she did not think clearly and just picked the name that first came to her mind. Additionally, she thought of saying the name of a dead person which conveys that she did not have anyone to blame and was just trying to prevent someone from getting murdered. However, she did not have a logical reason to accuse a dead person so she chose to sentence Santiago. Therefore, considering that it was very unlikely for Angelica to have lost her virginity to a man combined with her questionable and unproven sentencing of Santiago; there’s a lot confusion and questioning about how Angelica is not a virgin on her wedding night. The most plausible explanation for Angelica’s inexplicable events leading to the discovery that she is not a virgin could be due to her not wanting to marry Bayardo San Roman. This is shown through the forcefulness of Angelica’s family in making her get married, since â€Å"Bayardo San Roman hadn t even tried to court her, but had bewitched the family to his charm,† (Marquez 34). Additionally Angelica immediately follows by saying her family,Show MoreRelatedMaria Alejandrina Cervantes in Chronicle of a Death Foretold1239 Words   |  5 PagesMaria Alejandrina Cervantes—Commentary—Chronicle of a Death Foretold â€Å"I dreamed that a woman was coming into the room with a little girl in her arms, and that the child was chewing without stopping to take a breath, and that half-chewed kernels of corn were falling into the woman’s brassiere. The woman said to me: ‘She crunches like a nutty nuthatch, kind of sloppy, kind of slurpy.’ Suddenly I felt the anxious fingers that were undoing the buttons of my shirt, and I caught the dangerous smellRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold By Garcia Marquez1134 Words   |  5 PagesRealism through Setting in Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez’s Chronicle of a Death Foretold Question: How far does setting serve to reinforce or emphasize meanings or themes within Chronicle of a Death Foretold? Work Used: Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez In Chronicle of a Death Foretold by Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, the setting plays a potent role in showing a certain theme. Especially what happens in a certain setting plays a dominant part in developing a theme. Mà ¡rquez is best known for hisRead MoreAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Cultural Flaw in Chronicle of a Death Foretold Humanity has built grand and wondrous cultures and societies, for the better of mankind people have devoted themselves to a functional structured society. But have these creations become merely fabrications that hinder one’s true beliefs? Throughout the novel Chronicle of a Death Foretold, author Gabriel Garcia Marquez gives insight into Colombian society. As the story of a murder unravels Marquez projects the themes of honor and fateRead MoreChronicle of a Death Foretold Reflective1503 Words   |  7 PagesChronicle of a Death Foretold: Cultural Analysis In America, there is a judicial system that helps justice prevail, to punish criminals, and let the innocent walk. The judicial system allows for there to be a trial where evidence is presented. Through the evidence presented, the jury then decides if the person on trial is innocent or guilty. Never in any trial, in any courthouse, under any judge would it be allowed for a murder to be justified so that one could restore a relative’s honor. HoweverRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Garcia Marquez1492 Words   |  6 PagesHowever often this may happen, Latin Americans are indeed American. Dealing with this identity crisis, many turned to writing as an outlet. Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a successful author that utilizes this form of expression.Writing Chronicle of a Death Foretold, a story surrounding the true life of a Latin American at an earlier time in history. This enabled Marquez to extract his personal interpretation of America and exaggerate it in such a way that it is unique and believable in comparison to that

Understanding the Measles Virus (MV) Free Essays

string(165) " of 20 and occur in individuals who arepoorly nourished, especially those insufficient in vitamin A, or individuals with existing immunodeficiency such as HIV/AIDS\." Introduction Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by the Measles Virus (MV) which belongs to the Paramyxovirus family, and is of the genus Morbillivirus as it does not possess any virus-associated neuraminidase activity (Topley Wilsons 2005, Morgan Rapp 1977). It is primarily considered a childhood disease, easily communicable within a non-immunised population. Moreover, acute infection with the virus will confer lifelong immunity in most individuals (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding the Measles Virus (MV) or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore as the virus is also confined to humans with no asymptomatic carrier state, to remain endemic within a population it relies upon infection of those still susceptible to infection. The MV itself is approximately 100–300 nm in diameter, with a core of single-stranded RNA which encodes for 8 proteins, surrounded in a helical capsid (Griffin 2010; Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Two viral transmembrane proteins; fusion (F) protein is responsible for fusion of virus and host cell membranes, viral penetration, and hemolysis. Hemagglutinin (H) is responsible for adsorption of virus to cells. Antibodies to these proteins may mitigate against infection of host cells (Griffin 2010). Other proteins include the matrix or M protein which links the envelope to the ribonucleoplasmid core, and the nucleoprotein (N) forms part of the ribonucleocapsid along with phosphoprotein (P) and large polymerase protein (L) which both are also necessary for RNA synthesis. Non structural proteins C and V also regulate response to infection (Topley Wilson 2005). A schematic of the virus is shown in figure 1. Fig 1. Adapted from Morgan Rapp 1977 Schematic of Measles virus Canine distemper and rinderpest viruses also belong to the same genus and share close antigenic relationship. In October 2010 the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation announced that Rinderpest had been successfully eradicated. Infection with measles also provided the first insight into suppression of the immune system by a virus, thus permitting secondary infections to occur relating to the mortality of infection (McChesney et al 1989). This area is of much interest to immunologists and was first noted over 200 years ago as TB infection was seen to follow measles infection (Karp 1999), of which alterations in cell mediated immunity is of most clinical concern. This was noted by von Pirquet whist performing the tuberculin skin test which failed to respond to it thus predisposing to secondary infectious from measles induced immunosuppression (Topley Wilson 2005). Isolation of the virus in 1954 by Enders and Peebles allowed the advent of measles vaccination, with the first vaccines being produced in 1963. Safe and effective vaccination programmes with the live further attenuated vaccine have eliminated the virus from most westernised societies (WHO weekly 2008); however the virus remains a major cause of mortality in populations lacking access to adequate medical care (Kerdiles et al 2006). In 2008, 164 000 measles deaths were recorded globally (WHO fact sheet 2009) and as recent as January 2011 Kofi Annan called for the UN Executive Board to set an eradication date for measles (Measles Initiative 2011). Progress on this front continues with immunisation programmes and effective surveillance this is highlighted by the reduction of measles deaths by 78% between 2000 and 2008. Symptoms The measles virus normally enters the body through the upper respiratory tract, or conjunctiva. The first clinical sign of infection is usually a febrile illness (38.3Â °c), which begins about 10 to 12 days after exposure to the virus, and lasts four to seven days (fig2). Further signs and symptoms then develop in this prodromal illness these include malaise, cough, coryza (runny nose), conjunctivitis, as the MV establishes a systemic infection involving multiple organ systems leading to Koplik spots and typical maculopapular rash and immunosuppression. Fig. 2. Adapted from Topley Wilson Microbiology Microbial Infections Immunology 10th edt. 2005. Transmission occurs through the air and involves close personal contact with an infected individual, surfaces or objects which they have been in contact. As the virus is highly contagious, it will remain active in the air and on these surfaces for up to two hours. It has been noted that up to 90% of people without immunity sharing a house with an infected individual will become infected (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Infected individuals can transmit the MV from four days prior to the onset of the rash to four days after the rash erupts. Studies also show the MV can be inactivated by heat, light, acidic pH, ether, and trypsin (Topley Wilson 2005). The virus replicates in the respiratory tract and then reaches local lymphoid tissue, producing primary viremia. Lymphoid tissues such as the thymus, spleen, and tonsils are normal sites of replication. Following replication within the lymphoid tissue, the MV spreads to other organs including the skin, kidney, lungs, liver and gastrointestinal tract known as secondary viremia. The MV replicates in epithelial and endothelial cells and is accompanied by vascular dilation, increased vascular permability, mononuclear cell infiltration and infection of surrounding tissue (Topley Wilson 2005). Small white spots develop inside the buccal cavity known as Koplik’s spots (fig 3a) due to nectrotic infection of the submucous glands, at this stage the individual is highly contagious and giant cells are present in the sputum and other secretions this occurs just prior to development of the typical rash. Each of these signs is a typical characteristic of measles infection the rash then erupts, usually on the forehead, face and upper neck. The rash then spreads to cover the entire body over the next 3 days, lasts for about six days before it begins to disperse, this typical presentation is seen in figure 3b. This rash is said to occur due to vascular congestion epithelial necrosis and oedema. The entire course of uncomplicated measles, from late prodrome to resolution of fever and rash, is approximately 7-10 days. Fig 3. Characteristics of Measles infection (accessed from google images) Complications arising from measles infection result mainly from opportunistic secondary infections due to the immunosuppression induced by MV. The depression of the immune response may last up to 6 months (Kerdiles et al 2006). Complications are more common in children under the age of five, or adults over the age of 20 and occur in individuals who arepoorly nourished, especially those insufficient in vitamin A, or individuals with existing immunodeficiency such as HIV/AIDS. You read "Understanding the Measles Virus (MV)" in category "Essay examples" Diarrhoea and severe dehydration is not uncommon in developing countries where secondary infection is likely and worsens their individual’s nutritional status; this along with lack of substantial vitamin A may lead to post-measles blindness. Ear infections and pneumonia may also occur which will require antibiotics to treat the imposing infectious agent. Treatment of giant cell pneumonia is a very protracted and causes the majorit y of measles related deaths. However, more serious complications like encephalitis and persistent brain inflammation known as subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) also occur though these are rare. SSPE will be discussed further on in this text. Measles infection during pregnancy may induce spontaneous abortion or still births other reports have stated measles infection during pregnancy may produce infants with a low birth weight or congenital malformaty (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Administration of antimeasles gammaglobulin less than three days after exposure may protect from infection this is discussed further in vaccination section. Acute encephalitis results in death in approximately 15% of patients who develop it (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Development usually occurs eight days after onset of the rash, symptoms of this can include recurrence of a high fever, persistent headache, vomiting, drowsiness, seizures and coma. Measles Inclusion Body Encephalitis occurs only in the immunocompromised e.g. individuals with leukaemia present without rash as no immune response was elicited and is often confused with SSPE. Symptoms include seizures stupor or coma which is dependent on localisation of the disease within the CNS. This type of encephalitis has no antibodies detectable in the CSF (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Infection and spread MV replication involves the transcription of viral RNA to give + sense mRNA before this can be translated. The F protein facilitates fusion with the plasma membrane. Viral multiplication occurs in the cytoplasm, using the RNA polymerase and RNA modification enzymes packaged in the virus and use the nucleoplasmid as a template to transcribe viral mRNAs; theseare capped, methylated and polyadenylated translated and packed into the new virues and bud out through the cell plasma membrane. The non structural proteins C and V also play an important role in replication of the virus, this has be confirmed by in vitro studies, results of studies with animal models show that these proteins are also important for the virulence of the virus. They have also been investigated for their ability to produce IFN responses; C protein was shown to inhibit this (Kerdiles et al 2006). MV interaction with the immune system involves studying measles infection in humans, naturally and experimentally infected rhesus monkeys, cotton rats and transgenic mice and also some in vitro models (Griffin 2010). It is well known that the primary target for the MV is the monocyte and primarily causes the viremia during infection with accompanied leukopenia. Three cellular receptors for MV are recognized: the low affinity membrane co-factor protein CD46, present on all nucleated cells was the first receptor identified for the MV (Topley Wilson 2005). CD46 is the natural binding site for C3b/C4b complement components however; it also binds to the viral hemagglutinin (H) protein of the measles virus. The second receptor; higher affinity signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM ? CD150), a glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily is present on subsets of lymphocytes, thymocytes, macrophages, and DCs; and an unidentified receptor present on ciliated columnar respiratory epithelial cells (Griffin 2010). Recent studies have questioned the role of CD46 in vivo. This is confirmed as all viral strains tested preferentially bind CD150, therefore CD150 is the primary determinant of MV tropism (Griffin 2010). MV infections usually produce very distinctive cytopathic effects enabling formation of multinucleated giant cells. Binding of H protein to both CD46 and CD150 downregulate receptor expression; this may lead to activation of complement against uninfected lymphocytes, thus contributing to the associated leukopenia. This profound suppression of cell-mediated immunity was confirmed by Karp et al in 1996. Conversly interaction of H protein with TLR2 on surface of monocyte will stimulate IL-6 and increase CD150. This process also results in decreased IL-12 production from infected monocytes which may be a result of the reduction of IFN-? produced by T cells. The nucleocapsid protein (N) also reduces the release of IL-12 from monocytes, with resultant reduction in T cell proliferation which may lead to cellular apoptosis (Topley Wilson 2005). IFN-? also aids in the production of nitric oxide, though with down regulation of CD46 will alter the immune response to other intracellular pathogens e.g. mycobacteria. Therefore, CD46 as receptor in MV infection may disturb different aspect of the immune response. Downregulation of CD150 after infection may impair the Th1 response towards other pathogens due to the decrease in IFN-?. Cytokines and chemokines produced during infection include IL-8 which is increase in early infection. IL-2, IFN-?, are increased during the corresponding rash. In vitro systems have shown there is reduced IL-2 production during the inital stage of infection, Griffin et al shown that introduction of recombinant IL-2 along with neutralisation of high IL-4 restores lymphocyte proliferation (Topley Wilson 2005). The rash is associated with MV infection is due to the infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into the site of replication, with the CD8+ response occurring more rapidly than CD4+ which is more protracted. IgM response to infection occurs alongside appearance of the rash, to which serological detection is diagnostic. Increased MV specific IgG follows recovery from infection conferring lifelong immunity, notably in vitro infection of B cells reduces Immunoglobulin production, through binding of N protein to activated cells however in vivo studies show no B cell defect (Niewiesk et al 2000). After resolution of the rash regulatory CD4+ cells produce IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 (Griffin 2010). Changes to the cytokine profile seen with CD150 interactions may show that infection starts with a Th1 response and then converts to a regulatory Th2 response in later infection resulting in delayed hypersensitivy response. Diagnosis Treatment Diagnosis of measles is based upon the individuals’ history and clinical presentation, with appearance of Koplik spots and typical rash being diagnostic. However, laboratory methods may be required for more complicated cases e.g. in the case of modified or atypical measles. The virus is detectable by a number of different methodologies these include direct microscopy, immunofluorescence of nasopharyngeal secretions or urine, viral cultures and electron microscopy can all provide diagnosis. Though measles is best confirmed by serological detection of; IgM antibody against the virus, in the acute phase and IgG in the convalescent phase of disease using ELISA. Prevention of disease by administration of vaccine should always primary goal rather than treatment of disease, as the vaccine is cheap, safe, and effective. Adequate nutrition, fluid replacement and appropriate use of antibiotic if required is all that can be provided to treat measles infection though its recommended that all children in developing countries diagnosed with measles should receive treatment with two doses of vitamin A, given 24 hours apart should be provided to individuals in developing countries prevent permanent loss of vision, provision of this supplement has shown to reduce the number of deaths from measles by 50% (WHO factsheet 2009). Vaccination Vaccination is the greatest success in Immunology; historically it all started with Jenner, cowpox and smallpox which led to production of a vaccine. However, now in the 21st century there are a multitude of vaccinations available. The WHO classified smallpox as being eradicated worldwide in 1980 and publish lists of prevalence of those diseases which they continue to strive to eliminate worldwide. The first measles vaccines were licensed in 1963. This included an inactivated vaccine and a live attenuated vaccine known as the Edmonston B Strain. The inactivated vaccine was withdrawn as it did not produce an immunogenic response and therefore did not provide immunity to the disease, those immunised with this vaccine may have later developed atypical measles if infected with the wild type virus. Atypical measles progresses similarly to measles though individuals will also experience headaches and abdominal pain with the rash beginning on the extremities and spreading over the body. It has been proposed the inactivated vaccine did not produce antibodies to the F protein and thus was unable to prevent its spread (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Modified measles is another form of the disease which occurs in partially immunised children or individuals who have received immune serum globulin and symptoms appear much milder than seen in acute measles (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). The original Edmonston B vaccine was able to seroconvert 95% of recipients however it was withdrawn in 1975 as it produced a mild form of measles in up to 10% of those vaccinated, to reduce the side effects gammaglobulin was administered. Thus, further live attenuated vaccines were sought including the Schwarz strain in 1965, and the Edmonston-Enders strain produced by passage in chicken cells was licensed in 1968, which caused fewer reactions than the original Edmonston B vaccine (Undergraduate Notes). The vaccine was combined with mumps and rubella vaccines and is licensed in 1971 as MMR (Undergraduate Notes). Furthermore, two doses of the vaccine was recommended to ensure immunity in 1989, as about 15% of vaccinated children fail to develop immunity from the first dose (WHO factsheet 2009). Varicella vaccine may also be combined and administered as MMRV, this format of vaccination was licensed in 2005. These vaccines are now supplied lyophylised and contain a small amount of human albumin, neomycin, sorbitol, and gelatine and are reconstituted prior to use. Clinical study of 284 triple seronegative children, 11 months to 7 years of age, demonstrated high immunogenic capability of the vaccine as it induced hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies in 95% of individuals for the measles vaccine thus conferring its effectiveness (MMR vaccine 2010). However, dispute that the vaccine causes autism first arose when Wakefield et al reported this in 1998 which may have reduced uptake of vaccine in theUKfor a period time before these claims were discredited by epidemiological studies which consistently found no evidence of a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. Vaccination rates in theEnglandhave increased from the 80% low in 2003-4 but are still below the 95% level recommended by the WHO to ensure herd immunity (HPA), notably the number of measles cases recorded in 2010 has decreased with improved uptake of the vaccination (HPA2). Global cooperation between a number of organisations has also ensured that 83% children received their first measles vaccine by the age of 1, up from 72% in 2000 (WHO factsheet 2009), and will work together in advancing the global measles strategy. In countries where measles has been largely eliminated, cases imported from other countries remain an important source of infection. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis(SSPE) SSPE is an extremely rare degenerative condition of the brain caused by the reactivation of the measles virus after an interval of 6-8 years though incidences have also occurred almost 30 years from primary infection. The disorder is usually fatal and effects males more often than females, though incidence of SSPE is very low 1 case per 100 000(Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Most individuals with SSPE contracted the MV before the age of two, symptoms usually are slow and progressive, and begin with deterioration in the individuals’ mental faculty and individuals may experience hallucinations. Symptoms may not be recognised until further neurological or motor symptoms appear such as convulsions, dyspraxia, aphasia and other abnormal uncontrollable muscle movements. Visual disturbances may also occur if the virus invades the retina leading to complete blindness. The disease is nearly always fatal within 1 to 3 years. Diagnosis is made on the clinical presentation and confirmation by a high titre of antibody to the MV (Schneider-Schaulies Meulen 2000). Investigations would include electroencephalogram (EEG), and computerised tomography (CT) to shown scarring of the brain and neuronal activity. There is no treatment available for those afflicted with SSPE; anticonvulsants such as Phenobarbital, valproic acid and others may be prescribed to control seizures. Although this disease is very severe and rare the final cause of death is usually pneumonia, the pneumonia results from extreme muscle weakness. With adequate vaccination cases of SSPE have also declined. References Topley Wilsons Microbiology Microbial Infections – Immunology 10th edt. Published by Edward Arnold Ltd. 2005 Chapter 39 Acquired immunodeficiencies pgs 803-806 Morgan EM Rapp F. Measles Virus and Its Associated Diseases. Bacteriological reviews Sept. 1977, Vol. 41, No. 3 pgs. 636-666 Principles and Practice of Clinical Virology 4th edt. Published by John Wiley sons Ltd. 2000 chapter 11 Measles by Schneider-Schaulies Meulen pgs 357-385 GriffinDE. Measles virus-induced suppression of immune responses. Immunological Reviews 2010 Vol. 236: 176–189 McChesneyMB, Oldstone MBA, Fujinami RS et al Virus Induced Immunosuppression: Infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and suppression of Immunoglobulin synthesis during natural measles virus infection in rhesus monkeys. Journal of infectious diseases 1989 159:4 757-760 Karp CL. Measles: immunosuppression, interleukin-12, and complement receptors. Immunological Reviews 1999 Apr;168:91-101. World Health Organisation. Weekly epidemiological record: Progress in global measles control and mortality reduction, 2000–2007 2008, No. 49, 83, 441–448 Kerdiles YM, Sellin CI, Druelle J, Horvat B. Immunosuppression caused by measles virus: role of viral proteins. Reveiws in Medical Virology. 2006 Jan-Feb;16(1):49-63. World Health Organisation. Mealses factsheet no 286 2009 Measles Initiative UN: Statement on Eradication by Kofi Annan 2011 http://www.measlesinitiative.org/ Figure 3 images obtained from http://www.google.co.uk/images Karp CL, Wysocka M, Wahl LM, et al. Mechanism of suppression of cell-mediated immunity by measles virus. Science. 1996 Jul 12;273(5272):228-31. GriffinDE, Moench TR et al. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells during natural measles infection; cell surface phenotypes and evidence for activation clinical immunology and immunopathology 1986 40 305-312 Niewiesk S, Gotzelmann M, and ter Meulen V. Selective in vivo suppression of T lymphocyte responses in experimental measles virus infection Proceeding of the natural academy of sciences USA 2000 97;4251-5 Information from Undergraduate notes 2008 MMR vaccine kit insert from Merck Co Inc.Whitehouse Station NJ,USApublished 2010 Health Protection Agency. (HPA1) Completed primary course at two years of age: Englandand Wales, 1966-1977, Englandonly 1978 onwards. http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebHPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733819251. Health Protection Agency. (HPA2) Confirmed cases of measles, mumps and rubella 1996-2009. http://www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAwebHPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1195733833790 How to cite Understanding the Measles Virus (MV), Essay examples

My Last Duchess Analysis Essay Example For Students

My Last Duchess Analysis Essay My Last DuchessIn â€Å"My Last Duchess† by Robert Browning, we are introduced to the dramatic monologue. In a dramatic monologue, the speaker unknowingly reveals his personality through his speech. In this poem, the audience listens to a conversation between the Duke and a nameless envoy who are making the final arrangements for the Duke’s second wedding. Strangely, the Duke brings out a portrait of his former wife whom he rambles incessantly about. Through the Duke’s ramblings, we learn that he is a self-centered, arrogant, and completely chauvinistic man, asserting emotions of both power and weakness. The Duke is a materialistic, proud man. He has a high rank in nobility and a well-respected name. Thus, he tries to portray himself as powerful and sophisticated. But his underlying motives shine through and we see the Duke as jealous and possessive. The Duke was formerly married and this marriage ended tragically. His last Duchess had a wandering eye and a smile for everyone. This infuriated the Duke – â€Å"She smiled, no doubt, whene’er I passed her; but who passed without much the same smile?† (line 44). The Duke must have been a Leo because he always had to be in the spotlight, his pride injured when the attention was not there. He felt he should be the only one in his Duchess’s life to cause her joy or any sort of emotion, really. â€Å"All and each would draw from her alike the approving speech, or blush at least. She thanked men – good! But thanked someone I know not how – as if she ranked my gift of a nine hundred year old name with anybody’s gift,†(lines29-34). The Duke feels that he has made this woman. Who was she before he bestowed the almighty name on her? How dare she not show her full thanks! The Duke was like many men we see today – envious and completely ridiculous. Unfortunately for the Duchess, her innocent flirtations must have boiled the Duke over the edge. He could not talk to her about his feelings, â€Å"Even had you skill in speech – which I have not,† (line 35). And even if he was able, he probably would not because this would injure his ego even more. Sure maybe she would listen, but now she knows she has the upperhand over the Duke. It is all a control issue with these two. â€Å"And if she let herself be lessoned so, nor plainly set her wits to yours, forsooth, and made excuse – E’en then would be some stooping; and I choose to never stoop,†(lines 39-42). So he decides on a different plan. â€Å"I gave commands; then all smiles stopped together,†(line 45). From this statement, we can infer that the Duke became enraged to the point he hired someone to kill his wife. It is one of those nice deals with power marriages – you do not listen to my command, you get blown away. Then we wonder w hy the divorce rate in America is 50%. All this has not changed the Duke, however. In this upcoming marriage, the Duke will act in the same way. That is the whole purpose in showing the envoy the portrait. It is a forewarning to what will happen to the next wife if she does not listen to her master – she will end up living through a portrait on the wall. The Duke does not even care about the money he is making from this marriage, he only wants another young, beautiful woman to control. â€Å"The Count your master’s known munificence is ample warrant that no just pretense of mine for dowry will be disallowed; though his fair daughter’s self, as I avowed at my starting, is my object,†(49-52). Women are not people to the Duke, but rather creatures to tame, which he implies when he shows the envoy one of his other possessions. â€Å"Notice Neptune though, taming a sea horse, thought a rarity, which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me,†(54-56). .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 , .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .postImageUrl , .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 , .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:hover , .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:visited , .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:active { border:0!important; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:active , .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5 .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u68caba78dbb2d84ef1bcf7ae19c0ffb5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nationalism and patriotism EssayThe Duke was a women-thirsty, power-hungry man. He knew what he wanted and if he did not get it, he took drastic measures to insure his success in further endeavours. In this second marriage, he will either be jilted or have complete success for the envoy will go back with the story of the portrait and the Count will either hide his daughter or give her away without any qualms. If he does get left at the altar though, it would not even bother the Duke. He would just have more time to play his game of hunter and the little prey. English Essays

8 great jobs for working parents

8 great jobs for working parents The ideal job for a working parent? It doesn’t exist. The best job would allow you to follow your passion, support your family financially, and be there whenever your kids need you. The key is to find a job with flex time, the ability to work from home or create a set work schedule around the school day, or even part-time hours if it’s financially viable. The following list includes jobs that are kid-friendly, jobs where you can set your own working hours, and jobs that allow work life and parent life to coexist in at least partial harmony.8 great jobs for working parents1. Speech and Language PathologistWhile these specialists can work in independent practices, oftentimes schools employ speech and language pathologists to work with kids who need help with their language abilities. Having kids can really help support you in this position to understand how to discuss speech and language issues with parents- plus, the position is automatically keyed in to the school sched ule and offers you insight into available after-school programs if you must work beyond the final bell.2. Real Estate AgentReal estate agents, who often work at open houses or show clients around to homes, aren’t chained to a desk 9-5- making this a great job for networkers who like being on their feet and fitting events in-between other commitments. There’s flexibility to the job, especially for two-parent families where one parent will be home on the weekend. The money is based on commission- so, the more work you put in, the more you will make in theory. This is a job where your network and expertise can grow over time.3. Freelance PhotographerFreelance photographers usually have an area of specialty, but portrait photography is a great option for parents- every day at school drop-off you have the potential to meet new clients for family portraits. Wedding photography or weekend photo sessions can also suit people’s schedules if they work around a partnerâ₠¬â„¢s M-F work week.4. Music TeacherCertified music teachers are often employed by school districts, but if you are musically inclined, running private group classes for small kids and parents at a common space or from your home is a great option- and a place where you can bring your own children, as well. You can also consider offering private music lessons or contracting with schools and local community centers as a visiting artist.5. Web Developer/Graphic DesignerThis job requires technical and design skills in order to create websites, promotional materials, or other web or print graphics for clients. All you need is a computer, so this is definitely a job you can do from home if you want to work on a freelance basis. Whether you are paid by hours worked or contracted for a set fee for your work, you can organize your schedule in order to meet deadlines and keep your work life flexible in order to meet your family demands.6. Working for a Youth OrganizationHere’s another kid-centric position that gets you involved in your community. Youth organizations create educational or recreational programming for children; they usually hire staff to everything from accounting, to fundraising, to directly creating and running specific activity programs. A bonus: you will be aware of the activities available to your own children and may receive discounts on things like summer camps. Plus, a family-oriented organization may be more inclined to family-friendly work practices.7. Freelance Writer/EditorFrom copywriting for a print magazine to blogging for corporate websites, there is a lot of freelance work available for talented writers. These gigs, which often pay by word count, can almost always be done from home. In fact, writing assignments are often flexible enough that you can have kids playing in the other room while you type away. If not, you can fit in a few hundred words after the kids go to bed.8. Social Media SpecialistAnother job that you can do from y our pajamas is social media promotion, where you spend time building the online presence of a company- you need to be able to tweet, create Instagram stories, and generally do all you can to savvily promote the work and goings-on of a business. This can be a job that requires regularly checking in on accounts or updating, but it can almost always be done remotely, on a flexible basis.

Europeans go Global essays

Europeans go Global essays It is hard to say just how the Europeans took over the New World and ruled globally, but there's always this one reason that really personally blows my mind. It worked for them but its not quite the very nice way of taking care of business. It is how they took over the New World and became rich off of killing and brutally torturing human beings. Stripping these savages of all their gold, gold the savages found no value in anyways. At first they were willing to work because they were given other goods in exchange for their work (fetching of gold). Also they were given a necklace if they produced enough goods. If they didnt produce enough goods (like when they ran out) then they didnt receive a necklace, which meant the savage worthless addition to the world was killed. Then came the torturing, the brutality, and the extinction of the New World people when either @ they had no more gold or goods, or B: they tried to run or fight the Europeans. Oh yes! This was a large upbringing for the European expansion but its not the main reason that the Europeans gained so much power and territory. The settlement of the New World (or the Americas) brought many different items in from Europe. This strengthened the Europeans economy by exporting fruits, insects, livestock, grains, manufactured goods, guns and much more. This gave them very much power especially considering that the Europeans just killed off thousands and thousands of savages. They didnt stop the killing there though. The Europeans also brought diseases to the Americas that the Americas were never introduced to. That too killed many. Then with all of this money and power the Europeans expanded a lot by buying and selling African slaves. While the Europeans were were establishing colonies in the Americas their demand for cheap labor grew. The slaves brought skills in the fields of sugar, tobacco, rice and mu...

European Modernist Artwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

European Modernist Artwork - Essay Example The largest tear is placed on the top of the artwork, with a small piece slightly below the larger piece. On the left there is also a small tear. The grain of wood is well utilized to create a balanced posture of the painting (Mundy, 2003; Masson, Alix & Museo Reina Sofà ­a, 2004). The lining is well done using a thin layer; thus, making it less exaggerated. The use of light and shading is also exemplary. A thin glossy polish covers the painting giving it a smooth texture (Mundy, 2003; AndreÃŒ  Masson, 2004). The author is of the intent to let out his feelings on the times after the First World War. The world was slowly coming back to order. Through his painting, he explains life and death, probably of the soldiers of war. There is a portion of the art that consists of a dead bird, a fruit and flowers. The dead bird would imply the death of the soldiers while the flowers and fruit explain the advent of new life (Mundy, 2003). The seeds on the other side explain the force of life. Just like after death there is birth, the painter aimed at explaining that regeneration is

Leadership Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership - Case Study Example Question 1 Dominant Leadership Styles That Ben and Phil Demonstrated Among the two leadership styles revealed by Ben Samuels and Phil Jones, the style adopted by the Phil reflects more dominant nature during his tenure as plant manager in Consolidated Products. Contrarily, the leadership style adopted by Ben can be identified to be soft. Indeed, it can be identified that both the leaders depicted radically different leadership approaches. It can be ascertained from the case that Ben had decided to pick a soft approach towards the employees. He believed that â€Å"if you treat people right, they will do a good job for you without supervision or pushing†. Ben used to treat the employees in the organization as partners. He can be identified to be very much cautious about his employees’ health and problems. Owing to his deep concern for the employees in the organization, he had set-up fitness centers. In addition, Ben also undertook social activities sponsored by the plants such as company picnics and holiday parties for his employees several times a year. Ben believed that treating employees properly and correctly would increase their loyalty towards organization. He used to spend a lot of time with his employees discussing about their health, families and problems faced by the employees along with trying to resolve their problems. Even in the slack times encountered by the organization, he avoided employee lay-offs. Ben believed that it is often very difficult to find and replace skilled and talented workers. However, it is worth mentioning that his benevolent behavior does not make him a good leader. His leadership style strongly revealed empathic, compassionate, respectful and humble characteristics. Thus, it can be identified that Ben has adopted supportive leadership style. Although he revealed his care and respect for the employees in the organization and has been greatly liked by the employees but the productivity of the organization during hi s tenure was badly suffering. Moreover, he did not set any objectives or standards for his supervisors which can be attributed to the dismal performance of organization. Consequently, the company’s turnover was found to be the lowest among it’s five other plants. It can be stated that in the present day organizational purview, benevolent leadership approach hardly enables to derive long-term sustainability of the organization as it is apparent that without proper set goals and objectives employees find it quite difficult to drive home the advantage (Civil Air Patrol National Headquarters, 2013). Subsequently, it is observed that Phil started trimming the number of activities starting from removal of fitness centre from the plant, stopping funding for picnic and parties and human relation training programs for the supervisors. Phil Believed that â€Å"if employees don’t want to do the work, get rid of them and find somebody else who does†. He also establis hed demanding goals and objectives and strict employee performance appraisal was also conducted in order to measure the productivity of each employees. He also went for employee layoff in order to ensure stable production within the plant. He demonstrated committed, passionate, accountable, and enthusiastic along with optimistic characteristics. Correspondingly, leadership style revealed by Phil can be firmly correlated with directive leadership st

Controversy analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Controversy analysis - Essay Example I will follow three main areas of interest: the socio-political issues raised initially, the controversy regarding ‘fracking’ and finally, the more recent problems and their proffered solutions. ‘Gasland’ (2010): Socio-political Issues with Gas Drilling Industry The documentary in question has been lauded for its unflinching vision and objectively instructive nature of narrating the socio-economic and global politico-legal aspects associated with the gas drilling industry and the safety issues related to hydraulic fracturing or ‘fracking’ – a term popularized by the film. (Fox 2010) The exceptional clarity of documentation explored in the film gives the audience a first hand view of the energy business and market ploys. It situates America in the global perspective of the natural energy in the world market and relates it to the divergent practices and malpractices associated with the same. The documentary is primarily related to the conte mporary and current trends in the process of gas drilling, in commercial and privatized sectors. ... The documentary then shifts its focus to a detailed analysis of the various facets related to the process of gas drilling, primarily the adversities of Hydraulic ‘fracking’, finds culmination in an objective vision of the energy industry in America, with special reference to the areas surrounding Pennsylvania, Colorado, Wyoming and Utah. (Thaxton 2012) The film goes on to address the critical socio-political issues and chronic health hazards caused by the intrusion of the giant energy corporations on public and private lands. In course of Fox’s research, the different and varied modes of procedural methods as well as safety regulations associated with gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing are explored and explained in details. The national and global debate raging around the energy industry is explored with an objective, informative documentation and narrated with a personal voice over from the director, Josh Fox, who evokes a personal emotional stance in the narr ation. The docudrama gives a touching account of various local communities in and around Western America that have been affected adversely from hydraulic fracturing which polluted the drinking water as the result of rampant gas drilling and extraction process. ‘Fracking’ in the Energy (Gas) Industry: Controversies and Issues The recent discovery of shale gas deposits and new resources of gas energy have radically changed the face of America’s energy reserve and industry. The extensive extraction and industrial drilling has led to a rapid boom in America’s socio-economic scene. Beginning primarily at Texas, the gas drilling process ahs now expanded all over the United States with a startling rapidity and haste that is now giving rise to certain disturbing speculations. (Fry 2013) Several

Tourism Product Analysis And Tourism Operations Management Tourism Essay

Tourism Product Analysis And Tourism Operations Management Tourism Essay My business has been created on the basis of knowing that Scotland is one of the most internationally known countries for its culture and beautiful scenery. Its based on a coaching holiday for 5 nights, 6 days that will be suitable for people who enjoy scenery, touring, culture and heritage. It will be run by a medium sized company located in Edinburgh that is called Saltire Tours and will be aimed at European tourists. Reasons for setting the business in Edinburgh are that its the capital of Scotland and has some fantastic history for all to see. This report will be a tourism product analysis of what the business has to offer and what factors will affect the operational side of things. PEST analysis, Competitors and Consumers are all important and will be explained thoroughly as to what and how they will affect the business. This research report will look into the factors that could affect demand for coaching holidays to Scotland from the European Market. It is based on a coaching holiday run by a medium sized company based in Edinburgh that is called Saltire Tours. On completion, the report will be an analysis of the external environment and a product analysis to identify and justify the key features of the product in which the product will operate. Factors being analysed will include Political, Environmental, Social and Technological (PEST) and will show how they impact both positively and negatively on the Coach Tour Company succeeding. A competitor analysis will also be carried out to evaluate and discuss what kind of threat (if any) that may pose to the tour/programme. Another part of this report will include findings for a consumer analysis to determine the Market overall for the Coach Tour Company. The product itself will be given in detail to explain the key features and why it should be introdu ced in the tourism industry. Pest Analysis Factors that may affect Demand for coach holidays in Scotland involve: Political Environmental Social Technological Political factors that may affect coach tours could be recent terrorist attacks in Britain, which occurred in Glasgow Airport the 30th June 2007 and London 7th June 2005. Author Chris Greenwood (2008) wrote about the man who was behind the attacks Abdulla realised his mission had failed, he dressed in a red and white headscarf for the final suicide attack on Glasgow Airport. Another problem was the Icelandic Volcanic episode in April which closed European airspace. These incidents could put people off travelling to the UK, which would affect Scottish Coach Tours as they are based in Scotland. Higher levels of security and regulations are now put in place at airports, which is more time consuming for travellers, and its more inconvenient causing people to be impatient when travelling. Also inflation rates in the UK are pushing up prices for visitors such as fuel costs and 17.5% VAT which would affect Coach Tours as they use Coaches for taking their tourists around Scotland. The Coach Company will be a member of the Green Tourism Business Scheme as it will help encourage the tourism business to be environmentally friendly. The Coach tour will benefit from this as it will have a positive effect on visitors booking up for tour packages as visitors are now very conscious of the environment and will appeal to eco-conscious visitors especially. Social factors could involve the fact that European visitors find touring holidays very popular in the category of different holidays (see appendix 1) which is beneficial to the company as we specialise in Coach Tours in Scotland. Also another social factor could be the outbreak of Swine Flu that has hit Scotland and various other places throughout the UK, this may put people off travelling causing the tourism industry to suffer. A positive social factor could be that Scotland has a lot of historic and cultural attractions that people overseas would love to visit; this will encourage more people to visit Scotland meaning a possible increase of consumers for Saltire Tours as we specialise in culture tours. Technological factors could affect Saltire Tours due to the Internet now making it possible to book directly with tour operators which will be a positive as it saves paying the Travel Agent commission. Saltire Tours will have their own website and E brochures. Also there are new developments in aircraft technology, which cuts down travelling time being a positive for the International visitors coming to Scotland for a Culture Tour of Scotland. There are more comfortable coaches for touring these days with TVs, toilets, and internet facilities on board the coaches which we will take on board and provide our visitors with luxury coaches during their time with us. Competitor Analysis Benchmarking We have looked at two other Tour Companies that are in the similar market. The Analysis of each company compared to ours will help us find out the positives and negatives of our business and what we can do to improve the Culture Coach Tour through other competitors. Haggis Adventures Their tours include an adventure with like-minded travellers; transport and a tour guide. Saltire Tours will include Transport, Blue Badge Guides, and Accommodation, Food, Excellent Customer service and First class attractions as a package. Haggis Adventures dont organise everything for your tour, you have to make your own accommodation arrangements, where to eat and you might not visit some of Scotlands finest attractions. This is definitely a chance for our business to introduce a bigger and better package for tourists that want to relax and have a great time knowing that everything is going to run smoothly and there wont be any stress as everything is arranged. Also Haggis Adventures are more for the younger generation and since the highest proportion of holidaymakers visiting Scotland are in the 20 to 60-age range they would enjoy Saltire Tours better as our tour is suitable for that age category. Saltire Tours will also specialise in Tours whereas Haggis Adventures doesnt, this will be a strength to Saltire Tours. However, a weakness for Saltire Tours is that Haggis Adventures have been running for 5 years and have experience in this field of tourism whereas Saltire Tour is just starting up as a brand new product. Moray Tours Moray Tours in Scotland offer quality, flexible culture tours for up to six people. Whereas Saltire Tours will offer quality culture tours for up to 20 people which is a strength in the tourism Industry as Saltire Tours can offer much more to the Tourists in a way smaller tour companies cant. Their tours only start in Elgin whereas Saltire Tours will be very flexible and can pick visitors up from wherever the tour group suits which is another strength for Saltire Tours. A strength that both Moray and Saltire Tours share is the quality of the tour guides on their coaches and the comfortable coaches they both use. A threat to Saltire Tours could be that Moray Tours is well known and this could affect Saltire Tours business. Also on their website, there is no mention of a price for Moray Tours whereas Saltire Tours gives a package price for the whole tour making it stress free throughout the holiday. Consumer Analysis The market size for our business will be relatively big as we will be aiming our tours at the whole of Europe. It has been found that specifically German and Italian tourists will be interested in our tours as Germany is the highest ranked in terms of trips, bed nights and expenditure, where its  £187million figure is double the next ranked: Italy (Visit Scotland). Factsheets on these countries will be sourced at the end of the report (see appendices 23) Notice our target market (overseas) In June 2010 to August 2010, the seasonally adjusted number of visits by overseas residents to the UK increased by 6 per cent to 7.6 million, when compared with the previous three months. Associated spending by overseas residents on visits to the UK increased by 7 per cent to  £4.4 billion (National statistics). Our coach tour company will focus on these months on advertising to attract large numbers of tourists seeing as these are the most popular months for our target market. Visits from Europe have increased from 16.1 million in 2000 (a 37 per cent increase) and are now approximately the same as in 2000. (Office for national Statistics 2009) Also 22.1 million of the total 29.9 million visits to the UK in 2009 were made by air. (Office for national Statistics 2009) Therefore our consumers will be travelling mostly by air to Scotland which will be included in the package price. This will be beneficial to Saltire Tours as we will be able to use SGIT fare block on a basis, which will be the ideal scheduled airline for Saltire Tours visitors to fly with, as its a flexible duration of 5 nights, which SGIT caters for. Product Analysis Description of basic product offering and product features Our Coach Tour Company has constructed a 5 nights, 6 days Tour suitable for people who enjoy scenery, touring, culture and heritage. Scotland has been one of the most internationally known countries for its culture. As our country has developed over the many hundreds of years, it has developed a culture that is both interesting and fascinating. Saltire Tours have taken time to develop a coach tour suitable for the International visitors that will meet all their holiday needs. They will enjoy living in some top class hotels, these include: The Balmoral Hotel, Thistle Hotel, Stirling Highland Hotel, Royal George Hotel and Poppies Hotel. Visit Scotland (2010) studies show that Hotels remain the preferred accommodation for international tourists. The places they will visit on this 6-day tour of Scotland will include two of the major cities: Edinburgh and Glasgow. Also Stirling, Crieff and Callander will be included in the tour. They will experience our way of life whilst living in a tenement building, to visiting some of our fine art galleries. We have also included in the tours some of our fine whisky distilleries to experience Scotlands famous drink and whilst they are having fun during the day, they will also experience Scottish entertainment at its best! This will include Scottish pipe music, Celidh, Poetry and a concert involving Accordions and fiddles. Whilst the International tourists will be entertained by Scotlands well-known attractions such as Edinburgh Castle, Royal Mile, Sir Walter Scotts House and Stirling Castle, they will be able to luxuriate in Scottish cuisine throughout their stay and find out how it feels to be Scottish! The hotels they will be staying in will be no less than 3 stars and they will be situated in the areas of interest to suit the tours to make them run as smoothly as possible. This complies with the Green Tourism Business Scheme, which is the national sustainable tourism certification scheme for the UK. All the hotels are members of this scheme. Justification of why this product should be produced This product should be produced as Scotland doesnt have a company like Saltire Tours. There is certainly Coach Tours available but none are specifically tailored down to fine detail like our business will produce. Our consumers will experience everything there is to love about Scotland from experiencing the food, scenery, culture; they will certainly know what its like to feel like a true Scot by the end of their holiday. Another reason is that not many companies offer a carefree holiday in Scotland where all their needs are met and international tourists will not know where to start on experiencing Scotland. Saltire Tours will organise everything from accommodation, transport, attractions, wining and dining to evening entertainment as a package holiday price making sure what is included is only the best and relevant to international tourists that wish to experience Scottish Culture.

Lessons Learned from Notes to a Native Son Essay -- James Baldwin

Realizing What Society Really Is Born in 1924, James Baldwin grew up in Harlem during harsh racism and the infamous Jim Crow laws. In addition to being surrounded by hate crimes and riots, Baldwin had a rough relationship with his father, who died when Baldwin was only nineteen. Twelve years after his father?s death, Baldwin wrote an essay, entitled ?Notes of a Native Son,? which described the events that took place around the time of his father?s death. Being one of his trademark talents, he also inserted periods of analysis while narrating the story. These insights, often reflections on his life and actions, illustrate the importance of learning to truly understand the society in which one lives in order to react appropriately to one?s current situation in life. James Baldwin noted at the beginning of his essay that he really began thinking about his life and his father?s life when his father passed (63). Just like most rebellious teenagers, he did not always understand his father?s intentions when he was being warned about drugs, white people in general, and other activities that he was specifically warned about and kept away from. Arguments were of course inevitable, and their relationship worsened because James Baldwin kept silent. In fact, the one time that he can remember when they had a real chat together was when his father asked him if he really wanted to write instead of being a preacher, like his father (80). Looking back on his childhood, James Baldwin realized that he did not really take any time to get to know his own father, and once he died it was too late. Baldwin also added some analysis about father and son relationships, noting that ?It seems to be typical of Ameri... ...is a commonplace? (84). Back in the forties and fifties, and still today, life isn?t fair, and there still exists strong hatred between certain groups of people. Denial of the way society was or is prevents people from taking control of their lives and growing to become better people despite their respective situation. Baldwin described that personal growth as a continuing fight against those injustices by pushing for complete equality amongst everyone in one?s own life (84). Hatred and discrimination still exist today, but because so many people fought for equality over the past sixty years, changes have occurred to make the pain of realizing how society really was, and how it has become, more bearable. Works Cited Baldwin, James. ?Notes of a Native Son.? 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84.

Compare a picture and a phograph

What is similar and what is different about paintings and photographs? Write an essay for your teacher, in which you compare and contrast paintings and photographs. Be sure to write about your ideas in detail. Paintings and photographs share many similarities, but they are also different. I'm sure that Anne Geodes, the famous photographer of babies, may have a completely different view of her subjects than Leonardo ad Vulcan had of Mona Lisa.Still, both ways of producing pictures can have Incredible results. Photographs and paintings are alike In many ways. First of all, both amateurs and professionals can make them. Professional photographers often create breathtaking images, and collectors will pay a high price to display such works in their homes. On the other hand, an amateur with a camera can simply point and click. Before you know it, the person fills photo album after photo album with exciting shots of family and friends.Similarly, a famous painter may spend years developing h is or her unique style and finally become famous. Even though most amateurs will never be famous, they still can have fun with oils or watercolors. They will enjoy expressing themselves and giving their paintings away as gifts. It Is wonderful that both forms of art can be enjoyed by many people. Also, both photographers and painters can fix mistakes. Photographers Copyright C) Houghton Mellon Company. All rights reserved. Can change images by airbrushing and by the way they develop film.For example, photographs of fashion models are sometimes airbrushed to make the models look flawless. A photographer can also develop a photo to look shadowy or bright. Likewise, painters can paint over an error or even scrape off certain kinds of paint. Though both types of artists aim for perfection, they might not reach it on the first try. Despite these similarities, photographs and paintings defer. For one thing, they require different equipment and materials. To create a painting, you need pai nt, brushes, and canvas or paper.Some artists also use a pencil to make a sketch before they apply paint. Photographers, on the other hand, need a camera and film. Professional photographers use different lenses and cameras for different kinds of photographs. They may also have Grade 8 Blacking Master (continued) darkroom equipment to develop their own photos. As you can see, the two types of strictures are made with very different tools. Last of all, photographers and painters make different use of time as they work.Photographers must capture an image in a split second. Even if they take several shots of one scene or object, each is made in a snap. Painters, however, have a choice. They can work very quickly or spend years perfecting Just one painting. As you can see, paintings and photographs are both similar and different. I have both in my home, and I appreciate the work done by the artists who Copyright Houghton Muffling Company. All rights reserved. Made them. These images hav e added a lot to my life.

In Search of a Room of Ones Own Essays

In Search of a Room of Ones Own Essays In Search of a Room of Ones Own Essay In Search of a Room of Ones Own Essay History performing arts was everything. Society did not have DVDs to watch and pods to listen to; they went to plays and operas for leisure. A time of history when some of the best play writers and considerably authors were discovered. In Virginia Wolfs In Search off Room of Ones Own she emphasizes the difference between the lifestyle of a man compared to the lifestyle of a women during the Elizabeth era, in how a man had so many more opportunities to become a rite than a woman did. Women could have never been outstanding poets, because they were never able to acquire the skills necessary. A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction. (pig. 386) In order for a woman to be able to write she must have money in her family. Money was crucial to have, because it was needed to receive an education. A woman also needed a room of their own, in order to write and the only way for a woman to have a room of their own was if her parents were extremely wealthy. Having a personal room allowed the writer to relax and think by their selves without any disturbances. Wolf created Judith Shakespeare to show the reader the difference in opportunities compared to her brother William. Judith never had time to sit and relax to write in a room, because she was always being asked to complete chores around the house. When she was able to find ten minutes to spare for writing she had to burn the evidence of her secretive passion, because she couldnt chance being caught by her father. So even Hough She had the quickest fancy, a gift like her brothers for the tune of words. (pig. 386) she couldnt put her great talent to use. Everyday lifestyle for William Shakespeare was much different and much better than Jujitsus. William was able to receive a dally education, because during that time the family would always give the privileges of education to the son In the family. The father believed money was only worth spending on the son and not the daughter. He also had unlike Judith a room to himself where he could sit and practice writing poems and plays. William had the benefit of learning about Virgil, Ovid, and Horace becoming familiar with was Just as talented as William and could have been Just as famous If she had the same opportunities as he did. Instead she was forced to do other duties for her family without any say so for herself. One could easily agree that gender Inequality was a great deficit to the progress for women writing In history. Who knows what great plays would have been written If they were treated fairly. In Search of a Room of Ones Own By triceratops blew to receive a daily education, because during that time the family would always give the privileges of education to the son in the family. The father believed money grammar and structure elements. This greatly benefited William over Judith. Judith was Just as talented as William and could have been Just as famous if she had the family without any say so for herself. One could easily agree that gender inequality was a great deficit to the progress for women writing in history. Who knows what great plays would have been written if they were treated fairly.

Traducir Conjugation in Spanish, Translations, and Examples

Traducir Conjugation in Spanish, Translations, and Examples The irregular verb traducir usually means to translate, although it can also mean to explain or to change one thing (not just a language) to another. Below youll find tables with the complete  traducir  conjugation. How to Conjugate Traducir?   Traducir conjugates in two ways that are different from regular -ir verbs: When the second syllable is stressed and -duc- is followed by an a or o, -duc- becomes -duzc-.When the second syllable is stressed and -duc- is followed by an e or i, -duc- becomes -duj-. The tenses  that are irregular are the present indicative, the preterite indicative, the present subjunctive, and the imperfect subjunctive. The other indicative tenses (imperfect, conditional, and conditional) are regular, as are the imperative mood (commands), the gerund, and the past participle. All other verbs ending in -ducir also follow this pattern. There are about a dozen such verbs, the most common being conducir (to drive or conduct), inducir (to induce), introducir (to insert or introduce), reducir (to reduce), reproducir (to reproduce), and seducir (to tempt). Present Indicative Tense of Traducir Yo traduzco I translate Yo traduzco libros infantiles. T traduces You translate T traduces el documento para tus amigos. Usted/l/ella traduce You/he/she translates Ella traduce los trminos tcnicos. Nosotros traducimos We translate Nosotros traducimos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Vosotros traducs You translate Vosotros traducs los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas traducen You/they translate Ellos traducen las instrucciones. Traducir Preterite The preterite is one of the two simple past tenses of Spanish. Its use is similar to the simple past tense in  English and is typically used for actions that had a clear end. Yo traduje I translated Yo traduje libros infantiles. T tradujiste You translated T tradujiste el documento para tus amigos. Usted/l/ella tradujo You/he/she translated Ella tradujo los trminos tcnicos. Nosotros tradujimos We translated Nosotros tradujimos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Vosotros tradujisteis You translated Vosotros tradujisteis los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas tradujeron You/they translated Ellos tradujeron las instrucciones. Imperfect Indicative Form of Traducir The  imperfect tense  is Spanishs second simple past tense. It doesnt have a direct equivalent in English, although it is used in ways similar to used to verb or was/were verb -ing. Yo traduca I was translating Yo traduca libros infantiles. T traducas You were translating T traducas el documento para tus amigos. Usted/l/ella traduca You/he/she was translating Ella traduca los trminos tcnicos. Nosotros traducamos We were translating Nosotros traducamos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Vosotros traducais You were translating Vosotros traducais los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas traducan You/they were translating Ellos traducan las instrucciones. Traducir Future Tense The simple future of Spanish is similar to the will verb form of English. Yo traducir I will translate Yo traducir libros infantiles. T traducirs You will translate T traducirs el documento para tus amigos. Usted/l/ella traducir You/he/she will translate Ella traducir los trminos tcnicos. Nosotros traduciremos We will translate Nosotros traduciremos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Vosotros traduciris You will translate Vosotros traduciris los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas traducirn You/they will translate Ellos traducirn las instrucciones. Periphrastic Future of Traducir The periphrastic future in Spanish works like it does in English. A conjugated form of ir, the verb for to go, is followed by the infinitive. Yo voy a traducir I am going to translate Voy a traducir libros infantiles. T vas a traducir You are going to translate T vas a traducir el documento para tus amigos. Usted/l/ella va a traducir You/he/she is going to translate Ella va a traducir los trminos tcnicos. Nosotros vamos a traducir We are going to translate Nosotros vamos a traducir las noticias del espaol al ingls. Vosotros vais a traducir You are going to translate Vosotros vais a traducir los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a traducir You/they are going to translate Ellos van a traducir las instrucciones. Present Progressive/Gerund Form of Traducir The Spanish gerund is also known as the present participle. It is used in compound verbs to form the progressive or continuous tenses. Gerund of Traducir traduciendo Is translating Ella est traduciendo los tà ©rminos tà ©cnicos. Past Participle of Traducir Past participles can be used to form the perfect tenses. They can also function as adjectives. Thus un libro traducido is a translated book. Participle of Traducir traducido Has translated Ella ha traducido los tà ©rminos tà ©cnicos. Conditional Form of Traducir Yo traducira I would translate Yo traducira libros infantiles si hablara francs. T traduciras You would translate T traduciras el documento para tus amigos si estuvieras aqu. Usted/l/ella traducira You/he/she would translate Ella traducira los trminos tcnicos si los entendiera. Nosotros traduciramos We would translate Nosotros traduciramos las noticias del espaol al ingls si hubiera algo nuevo. Vosotros traducirais You would translate Vosotros traducirais los discursos al lenguaje de seas si funcionaran las pantallas. Ustedes/ellos/ellas traduciran You/they would translate Ellos traduciran las instrucciones si las comprendieran. Present Subjunctive of Traducir Que yo traduzca That I translate Santiago espera que yo traduzca libros infantiles. Que t traduzcas That you translate Me alegra que t traduzcas el documento para tus amigos. Que usted/l/ella traduzca That you/he/she translate Pablo quiere que ella traduzca los trminos tcnicos. Que nosotros traduzcamos That we translate Es importante que nosotros traduzcamos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Que vosotros traduzcis That you translate Mara quiere que vosotros traduzcis los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas traduzcan That you/they translate Alejandro prefiere que ellos traduzcan las instrucciones. Imperfect Subjunctive Form of Traducir Either one of the verb forms shown below can be used for the imperfect or past subjunctive, although the first is more common. Option 1 Que yo tradujera That I translated Santiago esperaba que yo tradujera libros infantiles. Que t tradujeras That you translated Me alegr que t tradujeras el documento para tus amigos. Que usted/l/ella tradujera That you/he/she translated Pablo quera que ella tradujera los trminos tcnicos. Que nosotros tradujramos That we translated Era importante que nosotros tradujramos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Que vosotros tradujerais That you translated Mara quera que vosotros tradujerais los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas tradujeran That you/they translated Alejandro prefera que ellos tradujeran las instrucciones. Option 2 Que yo tradujese That I translated Santiago esperaba que yo tradujese libros infantiles. Que t tradujeses That you translated Me alegr que t tradujeses el documento para tus amigos. Que usted/l/ella tradujese That you/he/she translated Pablo quera que ella tradujese los trminos tcnicos. Que nosotros tradujsemos That we translated Era importante que nosotros tradujsemos las noticias del espaol al ingls. Que vosotros tradujeseis That you translated Mara quera que vosotros tradujeseis los discursos al lenguaje de seas. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas tradujesen That you/they translated Alejandro prefera que ellos tradujesen las instrucciones. Imperative Forms of Traducir Imperative (Positive Command) T traduce Translate! Traduce el documento para tus amigos! Usted traduzca Translate! Traduzca los trminos tcnicos! Nosotros traduzcamos Lets translate! Traduzcamos las noticias del espaol al ingls! Vosotros traducid Translate! Traducid los discursos al lenguaje de seas! Ustedes traduzcan Translate! Traduzcan las instrucciones! Imperative (Negative Command) T no traduzcas Dont translate! No traduzcas el documento para tus amigos! Usted no traduzca Dont translate! No traduzca los trminos tcnicos! Nosotros no traduzcamos Lets not translate! No traduzcamos las noticias del espaol al ingls! Vosotros no traduzcis Dont translate! No traduzcis los discursos al lenguaje de seas! Ustedes no traduzcan Dont translate! No traduzcan las instrucciones!

Is Whistle Blowing Ethical or not Research Paper

Is Whistle Blowing Ethical or not - Research Paper Example The morality comes into question when there is a conflict between the individual’s duty to staying loyal to the firm and the freedom to speak out against what is wrong. The dilemma is severe because of the fact that individuals/employees are legally and morally bound to show their loyalty to their employers as well as ascertain the fact that one does not, directly or indirectly, get involved in any wrongdoing (Beauchamp and Bowie). It has become a common practice to link whistle blowing to loyalty with ones employer, such that several literature surrounds topics such as â€Å"whistle blowing versus organizational loyalty† or â€Å"whistle blowing and loyalty† (Lindblom). In his book, Robert Duska offers an interesting insight- that loyalty to the firm is an impossible event. According to Duska, employees have a contractual obligation to perform their duties responsibly in return for the compensation that they get (Larmer). However, according to him, the concept o f personal responsibility to the company is void and that no loyalty issues should arise when discussing the notion of whistle blowing. According to him, one must engage in whistle blowing only for the collective good of the society (Larmer). The conflict of whistle blowing with loyalty is more intricate than suggested. ... Hence, in this context, loyalty would mean that the individual must show concern towards the potential harm and loss of reputation, goodwill, sales etc. that the organization would suffer as a result of him/her blowing the whistle. However, there is another view by Ronald Duska, which states that organizations should not be recipients of loyalty simply because only â€Å"humans† can be objects of loyalty and not the organization as an entity in itself (Lindblom). Also, according to Bok, whistle blowing almost always pertains to the personal level since it involves unveiling the wrongdoings of someone else. The whistle blower may face tremendous moral and ethical conflict when it comes to the same because of several reasons. One of the reasons is the uncertainty whether or not the act is going to result in the general welfare of the public. Furthermore, the whistle blower is faced with moral dilemma when he/she has to weigh his/her moral responsibility to protect the interests of his co-workers versus his/her responsibility to protect the interests of the public. In any case, the latter is considered more important. A final reason for the dilemma, according to Bok, is the potential threat of loss of job, social circle, reputation, or even violence that could result from blowing the whistle. On the contrary, however, whistle blowers often receive strong support and appreciation from the society since they perform a vital job. The job is indispensable because, if it weren’t for the whistle blower the truth of the moment would lay hidden from the public forever and would result in injustice. Furthermore, Bok has emphasized three main elements that lead to whistle blowing becoming a problem. First

Research Assignment Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assignment - Research Paper Example It is worth mentioning in this regard that the company has taken several precautionary measures relating to environment by identifying and applying production processes imposing a minimum impact on the natural environment (Campbell Soup Company, â€Å"Nourishing Our Consumers, Neighbors, Employees, and Our Planet†). In order to combine the company’s efforts in attaining the predetermined objectives towards developing a sustainable environment, the company has established and divided its long term goals and targets into six basic areas which can be identified as water conservation, sustainable agriculture, carbon intensity, waste management, energy, and sustainable packaging. Thesis Statement The discussion conducted henceforth attempts to critically analyze the role of Campbell Soup Company in discharging its Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) with due consideration to its performance over the recent years. Facts Related to the CSR Activities of the Campbell Soup C ompany In relation to its CSR activities, the primary goal of the company is to reduce the use of water and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions in the process of manufacturing products, i.e. various food products. The other supporting goals include reduction of energy usage upto 35% and augmentation of energy sources up to 40% utilizing the renewable sources of energy. Furthermore, the company aims to recycle 95% of wastes generated due to its global operations thereby reducing the use of water and mitigating carbon footprints upto 20% (Campbell Soup Company, â€Å"Nourishing Our Consumers, Neighbors, Employees, and Our Planet†). As per the recent facts, Campbell’s performance during the fiscal year 2011 (i.e. from Aug 1, 20110 to July 31, 2011) and its achievements in the fiscal year 2012 can be identified as listed below: The company has been constructed on 60 acres of a solar field with 10-MW power generating capacity In its largest manufacturing site, 24000 sun trackin g panels have been installed to generate at least 15 percent of the electricity needed for its operations The company’s donation to environmental control measures increased in the current fiscal year to $40 million The company has also introduced an innovative initiative titled as ‘The Way We Work’ in order to build safe and socially responsible working environment to ensure integrated results The company has also instigated school support programs by launching Campbell’s Labels for Education with an aim to generate environmental awareness amid the society The company has also declared a charitable commitment of $10 in its home town in New Jersey Corporate Social Responsibilities Issues Faced by Campbell Soup Company With due significance to Campbell’s worldwide operations, the company has been identified to witness four major issues related to its CSR activities. The issues majorly relates with nourishing consumers, neighbors or community members, employees and the planet at large. Nourishing Consumers The company plans to invest significantly towards the enhancement of innovation capabilities

The Role of Corporations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Role of Corporations - Essay Example The main aim of an organization can be anything ranging from profit to gaining market share, but the way it achieves this goal matters a lot. There are certain responsibilities and obligations that the organization has towards various groups and situations. It may be impossible to discuss every ethical obligation to a corporation because there are so many. These range from production of bad goods like tobacco to treating the employees fairly. Mark Pastin in his book, 'The Hard Problems of Management: Gaining the Ethics Edge', has attempted to summarize this by providing four principles for that are necessary in order for an organization to be ethical. The organization must interact with all stakeholders without problems, so that these groups feel that they are a part of the organization. Secondly, the organization must be very critical about fairness. This implies to everyone involved in or with the organization. It must be fair to its employees, competitors, shareholders, clients etc. Everyone in this organization must be responsible for his own actions. Lastly, the organization must operate in a way which will ensure that its environment does not suffer. (Carter McNamara, 1997) Doug Wallace also gave six characteristics that are necessary for an organization in order for it to be ethical in its practices. His characteristics have a lot to do with integrity. Firstly, everyone in the organization must realize the importance of integrity and apply it in its practice. The top management must be responsible for creating this vision of integrity. Thirdly, this vision of integrity must be applied in the way every member of the organization is rewarded. Every policy and practice must be associated with integrity. Every management decision must also be made after considering the ethical dimension. Lastly, the stakeholders in the organization might have conflict of interest and an ethical organization must find a way to solve these conflicts with integrity. (Carter McNamara, 1997) The Need for Appropriate Actions Following a code of ethic will definitely have a positive effect on the organization. It gives a good impression of the organization where ethics and values are of the utmost importance. It gives employees the impression that the organization is serious about meeting ethical standards. This promotes values amongst them. According to the National Association of Social Workers, the purpose of code of ethics is to categorize the values of what their work is based on, it also uses its ethical standards to guide how the business should be carried out, it also guides those that are new to the profession, and lastly, it tells the public who to hold accountable. (NASW, 2008) Ethical management practice does not mean that the corporation will profit financially, because more than that, it will benefit in terms of honesty and fair dealing. Ethical management practice also increases productivity. The employees of a company are a very important part. When they start to believe that they are being treated fairly, they will be positively affected and hence, they will be motivated to increase productivity. It also positively affects how the suppliers, consumers, government and various other outside groups see the company. (Answers.com, 2008) The Optimal Ethical, Decision-Making Processes In order to

Science and Technology Essay Example for Free

Science and Technology Essay Yan Wang (Corresponding author) School of Economics and Management, Changchun University of Science and Technology 7989 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, China Tel: 86-431-8521-7930 Abstract At present, the world economy is shifting to the model of knowledge-based economy, knowledge and technology to economic growth has greatly exceeded the sum of the contribution of capital, labor and natural resources and become the most important economic factors, economic growth rely on scientific and technological progress than before, scientific and technological innovation is more important than ever before, it is becoming the main causes and the most direct driving force of a region or countrys economic growth and development. This paper starts from the meaning of regional scientific and technological innovative competence; analyze the composition and upgrade mechanism of regional scientific and technological innovative competence. Keywords: Regional scientific and technological innovative competence, Composition, Upgrades mechanism 1. Introduction Since the Austrian-American economist Schumpeter put forward the concept what is a kind of innovative changes in the production function for the first time in † Economic Development Theory† which published in 1912, and particularly emphasizes on economic changes, such as reduced costs, the economic balance broken, brutal competition and the economic cycle itself, should be mainly attributable to Innovation , henceforth the innovation has been the hotspot of international study , but in different countries, different periods of time, it has been given to the different characteristics. 2. Meaning of Regional scientific and technological innovation Regional scientific and technological innovation meanly that in the given region , under the regional context, science, technology, education, economy and other factors shape the incorporate development mechanism , is the regional system whose main body is enterprise and include local government, education and scientific research units, intermediary organizations. It relies on the strength of regional science and technology innovation, uses resources of regional scientific and technological innovation effectively, coordinates the inter-regional cooperation in science and technology and competition, and achieves efficient allocation of scientific and technological innovation resources (personnel, knowledge, inputs) and the structural optimization, promotes the extensive development of regional scientific and technological innovation and the application , promotion and popularization of innovative product. And then create and develop the competitive advantage to ensure regional economic development. Regional scientific and technological innovation system is the network which regional science and technology organizations, universities, business interact and develop together. This innovative system has the main features of the system, but is open. The System bear the task of putting the high-tech science and technology into the development of regional economic variables, promoting the regional industrial structure modernization and optimization, so as to ensure regional economic and social sustainable development. From the practice of each regional economic development, the regional competitive ability especially the strength of sustainable competitiveness mainly depends on its scientific and technological ability. From the successful experience of developed countries, generally the regional scientific and technological innovative competence should have 8 parts, such as the capability of independent innovation, comprehensive utilization of extra-territorial technology, supply of the innovative system, open up new markets, management innovation, development of new resources, coordination and advanced thinking ability. 3.1 Capability of Independent Innovation To understand independent innovation, first of all, is a direction. It emphasizes that we need innovative thinking, based on our own strength, innovation as much as possible. At the same time, do not rule out studying others. Innovation can be divided into 3 categories: (1) integration independent innovation, it is the organic integration of a variety of related technologies to form products and industries with market competitive; (2) introduce or imitate innovation, based on the introduction of foreign advanced technology, to promote positi vely digestion, absorption and re-innovation; (3) originality independent innovation, that is, through their own new technology research and invention, and developed a new or next generation products. Their Common ground is the unique core technology which has the intellectual property and on the basis to form the value of new products. The capability of independent innovation is the region (enterprises) use effectively innovative resources, establish a new technology platform or change the core technology and achieve independent intellectual property, so that the region will continue to enhance its core competitiveness ability and obtain sustainable competitive advantage in the market competition, in the process of technological innovation to express organic colligation of various ability. 3.2 Capacity of Comprehensive Utilization of Extra-territorial Technology Capacity of comprehensive utilization of extra-territorial technology mainly refers to the extraterritorial appropriate technology. The so-called appropriate technology, not high-tech necessarily, as long as suiting the stage of regional economic development, to make the region access to sustainable development capacity t hrough using and popularization of technology. Capacity of comprehensive utilization of extra-territorial technology indicates that the region under circumstances of lacking originality as individual, and attract the extraterritorial appropriate technology for its own using, the focus is on the basis of digestion and absorption, improvement and innovation or change the core technology to produce new products. However, because partial or minor changes, it is commonly difficult to apply to the patents and not have independent intellectual property rights. Comprehensive utilization of extra-territorial technology is a better choice, such as the backward areas implement catch-up strategy. 3.3 Capacity of the supply of innovative system Regional scientific and technological innovation required system collaboration of the whole society and can not be separated from regulation and control of system norms and policy guidance and support of government, such as a series of taxation, finance, industrial technology, personnel incentives. If no such systems and policies, technological innovations will no step. Mechanism is as shown in Figure 1. 3.4 Capacity to Open Up New Markets Explicit manifestations of capacity of regional scientific and technological innovation are able to produce the high-tech, high value-added products which can meet market demand and consumers agree to accept, and then through market exchange to successfully realize the value compensation. And Japans low-volume, diversification Toyota production model has been exceed Americas high-volume, low diversification† the new winter system, and its drawbacks are that the production scale is small and production cost is high. Therefore, opening up new markets and expanding market size are imperative to obtain economies of scale. 3.5 Capacity of Management Innovation With the advent of a knowledge-based economy, science and technology change with each passing day, market competition is growing, complexity and difficulty of regional scientific and technological innovation is greater, so whether if can the government management system innovates with the time from the government-funded, creation purchase, nail down orientation, the patent system, tax incentives, direct investment, and integration innovation, continue to management innovation and strengthen policies to encourage scientific and technological innovation are particularly important. 3.6 Capacity to develop new resources Resources are the basis for regional economic development, and agelong supply of resources is the basis for sustainable development of the region. Throughout the regional resources system, the vast majority of resources (in particular, non-renewable mineral resources) lack flexibility in supply in the near future. Therefore, continue to develop new resources to provide sustainable supply of resources to promote regional sustainable economic development is one of main mission of regional scientific and technological innovation and also a main component of regional scientific and technological innovation competence. 3.7 Capacity of advanced thinking In economic development, we say the idea is everything, and in science and technology innovation, we believe that advanced thinking decides everything. Since the difficulty of original innovation: firstly, rely on the accumulation of knowledge; secondly, rely on inspiration of a handful genius. Where does inspiration come from? In fact, it comes from the advanced thinking ability of scientists. Scientists only have the advanced thinking ability can sudden blaze inspiration and to create original innovative, to produce a new product; scientists only have the advanced thinking ability to be possible to set a variety of existing technologies form integrated innovation, and developed new improved products; only have the advanced thinking ability can enhance its digestion and absorption capacity of imported technology, and on this basis to form introduction innovation, access to their own intellectual property rights. If government does not have an advanced thinking ability , will not be able to formulate scientific strategies for regional economic development, but also impossible to provide system supply in favor of scientific and technological innovation, would be impossible to upgrade the capacity of regional scientific and technological innovation. 3.8 Capacity of Coordination Regions itself is a complex economic and social system, inside and outside of the region have a variety of economic and interest actors, in the course of economic operation, if let the market mechanism to allocate freely, there would exist the case of market failure, such as externalities and public goods, especially in science and technology innovation system to promote regional economic development. In nature, science and technology is a kind of public goods of strong spillover effects, free-rider phenomenon is more likely appear; the external effects of scientific and technological achievements are also great and positive; R D investment is great, but results and earnings are uncertainty, so it is a high-risk, high investment activity, only one or a few enterprises can not be completed. Therefore, the Government of the Organization Coordination ability is very important and necessary. 4. Upgrade Mechanism of Regional Scientific and technological innovation Competence From economic development practice of developed countries such as the US and Japan, to keep the competitiveness of the regional economy than ever, using regional scientific and technological innovation to promote regional economic development. Therefore, we must form upgrade mechanism of regional scientific and technological innovation capacity. Learning from international successful experience, generally we should do the following four areas: 4.1 Construct the Regional Scientific and Technological Innovation System Which Main body is enterprises Looking from outside mechanism, we must intensify system reforms; to achieve separation of political from capital, separation of government from enterprises, rely on preferential policies, legal protection and market incentives to turn enterprises into the investors, beneficiary, risk takers, main body of research and development, main body of decision-making of technological innovation,; analysis from internal mechanisms, we must implement modern enterprise system, through system innovation, such as property rights system, incentive systems, organizational systems, to promote technological innovation; through capital market to achieve enterprises’ strategic restructuring and the survival of the fittest, accelerate the technological transformation of traditional industries, establish the benefits and risk-driven mechanisms of technological innovation, promote large and medi um-sized enterprises to establish a sound scientific research and development institutions, as soon as possible to form a number of large-scale enterprises group with independent innovation ability and to match multi-national corporations; change the approach that state-owned enterprise managers appointed by the superior, and gradually establish and perfect the market selection and wash out mechanism of enterprise managers, establish an effective entrepreneurship motivation, discipline and supervision mechanism, bring into play fully the entrepreneurs’ soul and core role in technological innovation. 4.2 Construct the Experts Community of Regional Economic Development In the era of knowledge economy, knowledge is the first resources or key resources of regional economic development, and people are carriers of knowledge who use knowledge to innovate and change the world; we say the idea determines everything, the idea is wrong and then all are wrong, the idea refers to that of government leaders and entrepreneurs; even if the region has more scientific and technological resources, if not to be organized reasonably and optimize the configuration, it can not form a strong scientific and technological innovation capacity of region to promote regional economic development, thus need the outstanding intellectual leader in knowledge fields. Therefore, in order to enhance the capacity of regional scientific and technological innovation, we must establish experts community of regional economic development. The key to harmony and unification management system is that government should strengthen communication and coordination. (1) Internal coordination problem of government departments. Government would understand more about the factors which affects capabilities of regional scientific and technological innovation and it’s role in their own scientific and technological innovation system. Summarize the successful experience of the relevant bodies and generalize them at other agencies, utilize new or existing forum, among government, enterprises, colleges and research institutions to discuss the common problems to influence on regional scientific and technological innovation system development; (2) the problem of co-ordination between business and government. Try to recognize explicitly that there are partnership and common benefits between the support of regional science and technology innovation system of state-owned enterprises and the private sector, to enhance their mutual com plementarily. At present, more and more activities of state-owned enterprises run out that of private sector. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the coordination between them so that they can only work together for regional technological innovation system to make their own contribution; (3) to strengthen regional peoples understanding of scientific and technological innovation system. Try to let people know the importance of innovative activity, as well as the means by which the people to support innovation, improve the well-known degree of the award in the technological development field; (4) to reinforce inter-regional and international cooperation, to strengthen recognition of the excellent Technology Center to encourage inter -regional and even cross-border cooperation in science and technology. 4.4 Construct the perfect investment and financing system of regional scientific and technological innovation The upgrade of regional scientific and technological innovation capability depends on a great deal of R D inputs, no abundant risk capital, same as the car does not oil, the whole system of regional scientific and technological innovation are not functioning. And rely on financial investment only, capacity is limited, or there would be Chinese Tsukuba situation; if only rely on corporate investment, because the risks may be difficult to do so. Therefore, must be guided by government policies favoring to form a perfect, including government, financial institutions and non-governmental organizations, diversified, market-oriented, new-style risk investment and financing system. 5. Conclusion In a word, each region should base on understanding of composition of regional scientific and technological innovative competence and its upgrade mechanism, combing with its own practice of regional economic development, to constitute the countermeasures to upgrade the competence. References Wang, Delu. (2000). Grow up of Region- Studies on Regional Innovation Theory and Cases. Beijing: Aviation Industry Press. Wang, yan. (2007). Theoretical Research on Independent Innovation for Regional Economic Development [D]. PhD thesis.